Acknowledgments: This briefing was produced by PICUM – Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants - for Porticus in April 2023 and edited for publication in October 2023. It was written by Eleonora Celoria, consultant, and Marta Gionco, PICUM Advocacy Officer, and edited by Silvia Carta, Advocacy Officer, and Michele LeVoy, Director of PICUM. We thank all PICUM members who contributed to the briefing, and interviewees for sharing their expertise: • Alexandros Konstantinou, Greek Council for Refugees (Greece) • Ana Bosch and Josep Buades, Servicio Jesuita a Migrantes (Spain) • Anna Sibley, GISTI-Groupe d'information et de soutien des immigrés/Migreurop (France) • Catherine Cosgrave, Immigrant Council of Ireland (Ireland) • Didier Vanderslycke, Orbit vzw (Belgium) • Manon Luis, Mobile Info Team/Border Violence Monitoring Network (Greece) • Maurizio Veglio, Mosaico Azioni per i Rifugiati/Kriol Law Firm (Italy) We also wish to thank Hanne Deckmyn, Advocacy Trainee, and Manuela De Koster, former Advocacy Trainee at PICUM, for their support. © PICUM, 2023 Design: www.chocolatejesus.be Cover image: RF._.studio – Pexels This report has received financial support from the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2021-2027). For further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi. The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Commission.