AFRICA REGIONAL OVERVIEW Renewed violence in Sudan illustrated the immense suffering of civilians caught up in armed conflicts across the region, and the utter disregard by parties to conflicts for international humanitarian law. Reports of mass civilian casualties were frequent and shocking, particularly given the scale of targeted and indiscriminate attacks. Sexual violence remained a feature of armed conflict. Criticizing governments remained dangerous in many African countries. Brutal crackdowns against those who protested government excesses, failures, or allegations of corruption, were pervasive and particularly targeted journalists, human rights defenders, activists and opposition leaders and members. The killings of prominent human rights defender Thulani Maseko in Eswatini and journalist Martinez Zogo in Cameroon, and the death in suspicious circumstances of Rwandese investigative journalist John Williams Ntwali, in one week in January, was a dark moment for the human rights movement. Combined factors, including inflation, corruption, climate change and conflict, created unbearable living conditions. Millions of people lacked access to basic economic and social rights. Many countries were disproportionately affected by high food price inflation, and food insecurity reached staggering levels. Incessant armed conflicts and extreme weather events displaced millions of people from their homes, and yet authorities in several countries flouted their obligations to provide protection to refugees and asylum seekers. Gender-based discrimination and violence against women and girls remained entrenched, while homophobic attacks and clampdowns on LGBTI peoples’ rights escalated across the region. African governments remained largely indifferent to calls for them to tackle impunity, thereby allowing it to flourish, and fuelling the cycle of violations and abuses, and the disregard for the rule of law. Many governments undermined justice and accountability initiatives or openly frustrated international scrutiny of their human rights records. UNLAWFUL ATTACKS AND KILLINGS Armed conflicts continued to have a devastating effect on civilians in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan and elsewhere. When they were not deliberately targeted, including in ethnically motivated attacks, civilians bore the brunt of indiscriminate attacks, which sometimes involved airstrikes, rockets, mortars and other explosive weapons with wide-area effects. Some of these attacks constituted war crimes. In Sudan, more than 12,000 people were killed when fighting erupted between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Targeted attacks in many parts of the country, including the capital, Khartoum, but particularly in West Darfur, killed and injured civilians, as did explosive weapons launched by the SAF and RSF from densely populated neighbourhoods. In Burkina Faso, members of the Ansaroul Islam armed group killed at least 60 civilians in the town of Partiaga in February; six months later they killed 22 people in Nohao. Government forces targeted civilians. In one case, soldiers, accompanied by Volunteers for the Defence of the Homeland, killed at least 147 civilians in the village of Karma. In the DRC, armed groups killed at least 4,000 people and wounded thousands. In Nord-Kivu province, fighters of the 24 The State of the World’s Human Rights