1006 EPD: Society and Space 38(6) 5. It is also sovereignty as responsibility that underpins the responsibility to protect doctrine. The responsibility to protect “assumes that the rights of sovereignty are based on the de facto ability to control its territory and provide effective protection to its entire population” (Asad, 2015: 408). 6. Gerald Knaus made these arguments in a public event hosted by the University of Amsterdam on 23 March 2017. www.accesseurope.org/access-europe-events/eventdetail/250/-/the-eu-turkey-dealone-year-on 7. Many humanitarian organisations will not work in the hotspots themselves after the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement. MSF for example pulled out of Moria in March 2016 (see MSF, 2016) prompting many other organisations to follow and the UNHCR along with other NGOs to give up overall management of Moria (see, ECRE, 2016: 46). 8. For a clear example, see the attempts by the Italian state to create and have Search and Rescue NGOs sign a Code of Conduct. References Agier M (2011) Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government. London: Polity. Albahari M (2015) Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World’s Deadliest Border. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Arendt H (2009) On Revolution. London: Penguin. Asad T (2015) Reflections on violence, law, and humanitarianism. Critical Inquiry 41(2): 390–427. Barnett M (2011) Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Bialasiewicz L (2012) Off-shoring and out-sourcing the borders of Europe: Libya and EU border-work in the Mediterranean. Geopolitics 17(4): 843–866. Bosworth M (2014) Inside Immigration Detention: Foreigners in a Carceral Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bulley D (2014) Inside the tent: Community and government in refugee camps. Security Dialogue 45(1): 63–80. Calhoun C (2008) The imperative to reduce suffering: Charity, progress and emergencies in the field of humanitarian action. In: M Barnett and TG Weiss (eds) Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp.73–97. Corsellis T and Vitale A (2005) Transitional Settlement: Displaced Population. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Shelterproject and Oxfam GB. Davies T, Isakjee A and Dhesi S (2017) Violent inaction: The necropolitical experience of refugees in Europe. Antipode 49(5): 1263–1284. Duffield M (2010) The liberal way of development and the development-security impasse: exploring the global life-chance divide. Security Dialogue 41(1): 53–76. ECRE (2016) The implementation of the hotspots in Italy and Greece: A study. Available at: www. ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HOTSPOTS-Report-5.12.2016.pdf European Commission (2015) Fact Sheet “The hotspot approach to managing exceptional migratory flows,” 8 September, 2015. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/ what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/2_hotspots_en.pdf European Commission (2016a) Next operational steps in EU-Turkey cooperation in the field of Migration. COM (2016) 166, 16 March 2016. European Commission (2016b) European solidarity corps. Available at: https://europa.eu/youth/soli darity_en European Commission (2016c) European solidarity corps launch press conference. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/youth/video-gallery/european-solidarity-corps_en Fassin D (2012) Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.