72 Race & Class 56(4) See Liz Fekete, ‘Detained: foreign children in Europe’, Race & Class (Vol. 49, no. 1, 2007), pp. 93–104. 31 UNHCR provides data only for unaccompanied and separated minors who applied for asylum. See, for example, UNHCR (2010 and 2013). According to a UNHCR report, Global Trend (2013, p. 6), ‘Children below 18 years constituted 46 per cent of the refugee population in 2012. This was in line with 2011 but higher than a few years ago’. 32 On such centres established between Australia and Malaysia or Indonesia, see Grewcock op. cit., endnote 2; M. Grewcock, ‘Australian border policing: regional ‘solutions’ and neocolonialism’, Race & Class (Vol. 55, no. 3, 2014), pp. 71–78; A. Nethery, B. Rafferty-Brown and S. Taylor, ‘Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia’, Journal of Refugee Studies (Vol. 26, no. 1, 2012), pp. 88–109; on EU camps in Libya see S. Hamood, ‘EU–Libya cooperation on migration: a raw deal for refugees and migrants?’, Journal of Refugee Studies (Vol. 21, no. 1, 2008), pp. 19–42. 33 W. Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (New York, Zone Books, 2010); F. Rahola, ‘The detention machine’, in S. Palidda, ed., Racial Criminalization of Migrants in the 21st Century (Farnham and Burlington, Ashgate, 2011), pp. 95–106. 34 S. Khosravi, ‘Sweden: detention and deportation of asylum seekers’, Race & Class (Vol. 50, no. 4, 2009), pp. 38–56, p. 40. See also I. Tyler, N. Gill, D. Conlon and C. Oeppen, ‘The business of child detention: charitable co-option, migrant advocacy and activist outrage’, Race & Class (Vol. 56, no. 1, 2014), pp. 3–21. 35 J. Burnett and F. Chebe, ‘Captive labour: asylum seekers, migrants and employment in UK immigration removal centres’, Race & Class (Vol. 51, no. 4, 2010), pp. 95–103. 36 However, according to a 47-page report published by the German NGO Pro Asyl refugees (including Afghanis, Syrians and Eritreans) are systematically removed from Greece to Turkey. See Pro Asyl, Pushed Back: systematic human rights violations against refugees in the Aegean Sea and at the Greek-Turkish land border (7 November 2013), available at: http://www.proasyl.de/fileadmin/fm-dam/l_EU_Fluechtlingspolitik/proasyl_pushed_back_24.01.14_a4.pdf. See also, ‘Statement about the report on push-backs from Greece to Turkey’, UNHCR (12 November 2013), available at: http://www.unhcr.gr/nea/2014/statements/artikel/498138a43042c1fc03 c2c2f26e43f0ef/statement-about-report-on-push-backs.html. 37 Khosravi, op. cit., p. 53. 38 See, for example, DeBono, op. cit.; Khosravi, op. cit. 39 With respect to Greece, the conditions in the detention centre for undocumented immigrants (‘Amygdaleza’) in Athens have been repeatedly criticised by the press and civil society organisations. However, it was only after riots in August 2013 that the severe conditions of imprisonment received publicity. See Amnesty International, Greece: systematic and prolonged detention of irregular migrants and asylum-seekers provokes riot (13 August 2013). On the detention centre in Corinth, which opened in 2012, see UNHCR’s statement, available at: http://www.unhcr. gr/1againstracism/en/greeces-treatment-of-migrants-shameful-says-amnesty; see also, Le Monde (20 August 2013), available at: http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/08/20/ images-de-violences-policieres-dans-un-centre-de-retention-grec_3463956_3214.html. 40 Conversation with the major general during inspection visit of the centre (27 September 2013). 41 The audio document first became public on 18 December 2013 by the magazine hotdoc and on 20 December 2013 was accessible online at: https://soundcloud.com/kouti_pandoras/ khq1fjpf6vtx. See reaction by Amnesty International: ‘Greece: investigate police chief’s alleged call targeting migrants’ (19 December 2013). 42 L. Khalili, Time in the Shadows: confinement in counterinsurgencies (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2012), p. 139. 30 Downloaded from rac.sagepub.com at Oxford University Libraries on June 3, 2016