TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITIONS METHODOLOGY II VIII IX XII I. CONTEXT FOR THIS REPORT A. Background on Immigration detention in Europe B Immigration detention in Greece: 1990s-2019 1 1 3 II. INTRODUCTION TO THE SITUATION ON KOS AND THE REPORT’S DUAL-SCOPE A. Introduction to the situation on Kos B. Scope 5 5 6 SECTION 1:THE RIGHT TO BE FREE A. The Right to be Free as a Fundamental Right B. Who can be detained and for what reason? The importance of a person’s legal status 1. Asylum Seekers 2. Persons who reside unlawfully 7 7 7 8 8 III. C. Material Legal Pre-Conditions for Detention: Purpose and Lawfulness of Detention 1. Detention of Asylum Seekers a. EU Law: Reception Conditions Directive (RCD) b. Greek Law: IPA c. European Human Rights Law: Article 5 § 1 (f) ECHR, first and second limb 2. Detention of Rejected Asylum Seekers and People Subject to Return Orders a. EU Law: Return Directive (RD) b. Greek Law: Law 3907/2011 c. European Human Rights Law: Article 5 § 1 (f) ECHR, second limb 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 i. Factual Possibility of Removal 12 ii. Requirement of Active Steps for Removal 13 D. Detention Practices on Kos 1. Detention of New Arrivals 2. Detention of Asylum Seekers 3. Detention of Rejected Asylum Seekers and People Subject to Return Orders 13 14 14 15 E. Detention of Specific Groups: Detention of Vulnerable Persons 1. Legal Preconditions a. Under EU and Greek law b. Under European Human Rights Law 2. Detention of Vulnerable Persons in the Kos PRDC a. Generally 16 16 16 17 18 18 i. Persons Recognized as Vulnerable by the Greek Authorities IV DETENTION OF MIGRANTS ON THE ISLAND OF KOS 18