4. Refoulement, readmissions and deportations that detainees cannot be heard and defend themselves. They face the risk of deportation even if this would violate human rights and the principle of non-refoulement. Under these conditions, the deportation order is flawed in the best case. In the worst case it violates basic human rights. The deportation order, if feasible, can be either enforced by deportation to their registered countries of origin, or to Turkey, according to the Readmission Protocol between Greece and Turkey. 4.1. The Readmission Agreement between Greece and Turkey The Readmission Agreement between Greece and Turkey, which was originally signed in 2002, states that third country nationals can be returned to Turkey after undergoing procedures, which are differentiated into »the normal« and »simplified«. The Readmission Agreement does not include specific clauses (apart from a general clause of Article 11)38 that reiterate the obligations of state parties in terms of human rights and asylum and that make the compliance with these obligations a precondition for the application of the agreement. 15 several meetings between Prime Ministers Papandreou and Erdogan in spring of 2010 with the aim to improve their cooperation in the near future. Plans for a common deportation system from Lesvos to Dikili had reached the public earlier. First signs of its implementation became visible when two readmissions from Greek islands to the Turkish shores took place: One from Chios on November 20, 2010 (32 refugees from Iran and Iraq), which was not completed successfully; and a second from Leros on January 10, 2011 (38 refugees from Palestine, among them also children). From the beginning of 2002 up to the end of August 2010, the Greek authorities had requested the return of 76.613 refugees, while Turkey accepted 2.520 of them.40 In comparison with 2009, the statistics of 2010 show a trend towards group requests instead of individual requests (from the Greek side), an increase in (bureaucratic) approvals from the Turkish side, and since the end of August an increasing amount of successfully completed readmissions. While from January till August 2010 67 refugees were sent back, 434 were sent back in the following six months! It is unclear whether this policy change is only the outcome of the renewal of the readmission protocol, whether the improved collaboration between Greek and Turkish authorities is due to the presence of Frontex in the region, or if recent changes are influenced by even other factors. In practice, the people that are deported by Greek authorities belong to nations neighbouring Turkey and to Turkey itself. They are Iraqis, Iranians, Syrians, Georgians and Turkish citizens, the huge majority coming from Iraq. In every case of the above-mentioned nationalities a readmission request is sent to the responsible ministry in Turkey while the Greek authorities detain them with the aim to deport them. The readmissions often take place after their transfer from one of the detention centres in Evros to Venna detention centre in the neighbouring prefecture of Rodopi. »Venna is the deportation centre. Everybody knows that,« says A.F.39. Nationalities detained in Venna are mainly Iraqi, Iranian, Syrian and Nigerian. Nevertheless, readmissions take place also directly from all of the four detention centres in Evros. The implementation of the readmission agreement between Greece and Turkey has been reconfirmed after 38 Article 11: Relation with other international instruments. – This Protocol does not affect the rights and obligations arising from other international agreements binding upon the Parties. Readmissions take place in the early morning hours with military cars 39 A.F. from Iran; December 18, 2010 – Feres 40 http://www.fr-online.de/politik/jagdszenen-am-evros/ -/1472596/4774344/-/index.html