-3EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the CPT’s April 2018 visit to Greece was to examine the situation of civil and forensic patients in psychiatric establishments and of foreign nationals deprived of their liberty under aliens’ legislation. With a few exceptions, the cooperation received by the Greek authorities was very good. Concrete action should, however, be taken to implement a number of long-standing CPT recommendations. Psychiatric establishments The CPT notes that the very significant reforms undertaken in the psychiatric sector in Greece since the 1980s have come a long way. However, they remain incomplete, with persistent problems of the inappropriate allocation of patients to understaffed and/or overcrowded in-patient services. In general, patients met by the CPT’s delegation spoke well about staff at the establishments visited, whereas some isolated allegations were received of ill-treatment (punches on the back, tight restraints, verbal abuse) by staff at the private “Athina Vrilissia” Psychiatric Clinic. A small number of allegations of violence among patients were also received at Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, in particular in respect of periods during which the alleged victims were being restrained. As regards living conditions, the CPT recommends that improvements be made in the personalisation of living space and the degree of privacy afforded to patients. The most problematic material conditions observed concerned the systemic overcrowding in the psychiatric units at the three general hospitals visited (Evangelismos, Gennimatas and Sotiria). In particular, at Evangelismos, patients needing greater assistance or under mechanical restraint were placed in the corridor. On the other hand, it was positive that patients at Dromokaiteio and Sotiria benefited from an open regime, with unrestricted access to the garden area throughout the day. However, very few activities were offered to patients. Understaffing was a problem, especially at Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital and the Athina Clinic. As regards treatment, high-dosage intra-muscular anti-psychotic injections were being regularly administered during the first days after admission to Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital. At Athina Clinic, 1st-generation anti-psychotic drugs were in use in relatively high doses over long periods, with several patients displaying clear symptoms of overmedication. The CPT recommends that diversified and individualised treatment plans be urgently introduced. Further, medical recordkeeping should be improved. One of the most serious findings during the visit concerned the use of mechanical restraint. The CPT's delegation observed a lack of appropriate training on, and strict criteria for, the use of restraints in line with internationally accepted guidelines. These factors, combined with very low staffing levels, have resulted in a widespread practice of excessive and inappropriate use of mechanical restraint. Shortcomings related to the criteria, duration, methods, supervision and documentation when resorting to mechanical restraint. The CPT recommends that a range of principles be followed, restraint guidelines and procedures introduced, and staff training implemented in each establishment, and that a strategy be drawn up on lowering the incidence and prolonged use of mechanical restraint. In examining the safeguards surrounding involuntary placement procedures, the CPT recommends that the law, currently under review, explicitly provide that: periodic re-assessment beyond six months of placement be carried out; involuntary treatment be the subject of a separate decision; and a clearer legal basis be established for involuntary placement in a private institution, subject to external monitoring. Certain safeguards, although prescribed by law, were found not to benefit