2.7. The situation of Dublin returnees Transfers of asylum applicants from another Member State to Greece under the Dublin Regulation were suspended from 2011 to 2017, following the M.S.S. v. Belgium & Greece ruling of the ECtHR and the Joined Cases C-411/10 and C-493/10 N.S. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ruling of the CJEU.508 Following three recommendations issued to Greece in the course of 2016, 509 and despite the fact that the Greek asylum and reception system remained under significant pressure, due to the closure of the so-called Balkan corridor and the adoption of the EU-Türkiye Statement, the European Commission issued a Fourth Recommendation on 8 December 2016 in favour of the resumption of Dublin returns to Greece, starting from 15 March 2017, without retroactive effect and only regarding asylum applicants who have entered Greece from 15 March 2017 onwards or for whom Greece is responsible from 15 March 2017 onwards under other Dublin criteria.510 Persons belonging to vulnerable groups such as unaccompanied children are to be excluded from Dublin transfers, according to the Recommendation. 511 The National Commission for Human Rights in a Statement dated 19 December 2016, expressed its “grave concern” with regard to the Commission Recommendation and noted that: 512 it should be recalled that all refugee reception and protection mechanisms in Greece are undergoing tremendous pressure... the GNCHR reiterates its established positions, insisting that the only possible and effective solution is the immediate modification of the EU migration policy and in particular the Dublin system, which was proven to be inconsistent with the current needs and incompatible with the effective protection of human rights as well as the principles of solidarity and burden-sharing among the EU Member-States. However, the situation remains contrasted across Dublin countries. For example, the Belgian Immigration Office confirmed that as of January 2025, no Dublin transfer decisions were taken for Greece; a limited number of requests were sent to Greece but all were refused. 513 Similarly, following the 2019 Council of State ruling that a Dublin transfer to Greece would result in a violation of Article 3 ECHR unless the asylum applicant is guaranteed legal assistance during the asylum procedure by the Greek authorities, Dublin transfer decisions to Greece are not issued by the Dutch authorities as of March 2025. 514 Spain has also suspended Dublin transfers to Greece since 2014.515 In France, there is no specific policy in place, nor any precedent-setting caselaw.516 Ireland also sends Dublin requests to Greece, with 235 outgoing “take back” requests made to Greece in 2024, although no 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 ECtHR, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, Application No. 30696/09, Judgment of 21 January 2011; CJEU, Joined Cases C-411/10 and C-493/10 N.S. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Judgment of 21 December 2011. Commission Recommendation of 10 February 2016, C(2016) 871; Commission Recommendation of 15 June 2016, C(2016) 2805; Commission Recommendation of 28 September 2016, C(2016) 6311. Commission Recommendation of 8 December 2016 addressed to the Member States on the resumption of transfers to Greece under Regulation (EU) No. 604/2013, C(2016) 8525. For a critique, see OnMed, Doctors of the World Greece: The return of refugees to Greece in 2017 is disastrous, 17 December 2016, available in Greek at: https://tinyurl.com/mtuwxupm; Amnesty International, EU pressure on Greece for Dublin returns is ‘hypocritical’, 8 December 2016, available at: http://bit.ly/2kG8Dzf; Human Rights Watch, EU: Returns to Greece Put Refugees at Risk, 10 December 2016, available at: http://bit.ly/2hgVaNi; ECRE, GCR, Aitima and SolidarityNow, Letter to the President of the European Commission and the Greek Minister of Migration Policy ‘Re: Joint Action Plan on EU-Türkiye Statement and resumption of Dublin transfers to Greece’, 15 December 2016, available at: http://bit.ly/2kGcc8P; National Commission for Human Rights, Statement in response to the recommendation of the European Commission to reactivate the refugee return mechanism under the Dublin system, 19 December 2016, available at: http://bit.ly/2kGi7us. Commission Recommendation C(2016) 8525, para 9. National Commission for Human Rights, Statement in response to the recommendation of the European Commission to reactivate the refugee return mechanism under the Dublin system, 19 December 2016, available at: http://bit.ly/2kGi7us. AIDA, Country report: Belgium – Update on the year 2024, June 2025, available here, 69. AIDA, Country report: Netherlands – Update on the year 2024, May 2025, available here, 70. AIDA, Country report : Spain – Update on the year 2024, April 2025, available here, 66. AIDA, Country report: France – Update on the year 2024, June 2025, available here. 110