whether unaccompanied children face a particular risk of performing child labor and what programs were in place to mitigate such risks. The Ministry replied that “special care is taken for unaccompanied children seeking asylum, prosecutors are notified of a child’s illegal entry, and children are separated from adults in detention.”291 Sadly, as this report uncovers, this statement does not appear to reflect reality. Trafficking As the authorities assess vulnerability, as discussed in chapter II above, one of the issues they need to be alert to is the possibility that unaccompanied children are victims of trafficking. The reality is that if not already in hands of traffickers bringing them into Greece, the failure of the protection system means unaccompanied children are at high risk of falling into their hands once they are in the country. The inadequate procedures followed by police—or perhaps, more accurately, the lack of procedures—mean that trafficking victims are not identified. The inadequate provision of care makes it easy for trafficking gangs to operate. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the authorities have not adapted to the new forms of trafficking that involve child victims and various forms of exploitation, not just sexual. Instead, we were told, in the minds of officials trafficking is still largely associated with women from Eastern European countries trafficked for sexual exploitation.292 Unaccompanied Girls Sexual exploitation is, of course, one of a range of significant risks. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography noted as early as 2005 that the trafficking of unaccompanied girls from Africa into Greece for sexual exploitation could be a new trend in the country.293 these obstacles contribute to the lack of supervision of the entire sector. Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Elli Vartholome, legal advisor, trade union G.S.E.E., August 25, 2008. 291 Dimitris Kontos, secretary general, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, to Human Rights Watch, August 11, 2008. 292 Human Rights Watch interview with Daniel Esdras, head of mission, International Organization for Migration, Athens, June 4, 2008. IOM trained judges and prosecutors in the past, but it has no on-going anti-trafficking training program for police officials. 293 UN Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Juan Miguel Petit, Mission to Greece, E/CN.4/2006/67/Add.3, March 27, 2006, para. 12. Left to Survive 86