Graduate Journal of Social Science, Volume 15, Issue 1
small group of border crossers is left outside of the ‘cage-port’ gazing at the ferry
travelling to Athens. They, too, had no luck today - like so many other border crossers who
have been stranded within an enormous geographical, physical and psychological limbo
for many months by moving here and there, back and forward on a daily basis; from
Moria, Kara Tepe and PIKPA camps to Mytilene, sometimes on foot, sometimes by bus or
taxi. This is what the internalisation of the borders looks like, I was thinking.
In 2003 a policy paper under the name “A New Vision for Refugees”, which included Tony
Blair’s vision concerning the management of the irregular migration flows within Europe,
emerged (Travis, 2003). This was Blair’s proposal at the EU -Thessaloniki Summit about
the establishment of a regime of “Regional Protection Areas” or “Protection Zones” or
“Safe Havens”, as well as Transit Processing Centres (TPCs) for border crossers on transit
routes on Europe (Amnesty International, 2003; Hess & Kasparek, 2017; Noll, 2015; Travis,
2003). Blair’s ambivalent scheme would involve denial of entry to “asylum seekers” and
“economic migrants” by returning them to the “Safe Havens”, meaning to countries
outside the EU and close to migrants’ homelands (Johnston, 2003; Noll, 2015; Travis,
2003). “Safe Haven” countries would serve as a containment for border crossers arriving
for the first time there, for deportee border crossers from other EU countries, as well as
containment for returning border crossers, for possible resettlement in the EU
(Antonakaki, Kasparek, & Maniatis, 2016; Hess & Kasparek, 2017, p. 63; Kuster & Tsianos,
2016). According to Jennifer Hyndman, the notion of “safe spaces” is not something new.
It is a post-Cold War phenomenon which was applied in 1991 in Northern Iraq and also
Haiti and Rwanda (Hyndman, 2003; Long, 2013). “Safe Havens” reflect the deliberate
political intention of a “preventive protection” (Hyndman, 2003, p. 168), meaning the
provision of humanitarian relief as far away as possible, within or closer to displaced
population’ countries (Long, 2013). This demonstrates the determination of policymakers
“to bring safety to people rather than people to safety, by force if necessary” (Newland in
Hyndman, 2003, p. 169).
What took place in practice in the aftermath of the refugee crisis was, in Miriam Ticktin’s
words, an “armed love” process (Ticktin, 2016) within the borders, an overwhelming
spectacle of “protective” militarised and humanitarian response. The “armed love”
process involved, instead of international protection, enormous securitisation, the
militarisation of the borders and governance of irregularised border crossing. It also
involved a process of externalisation and, at the same time, internalisation; namely a
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