time, there are significant shortages, particularly of medical and psychosocial staff, interpretation services, and of providing basic necessities (food, bedding, hot water, milk intended for children, medication) and decent accommodation. Indicatively, in the same report, RSA highlights how during 2023 new arrivals in the Samos CCAC have been forced to sleep on the floor, without mattresses, in a room originally intended to serve as a restaurant, due to the lack of actual accommodation places. Additionally, those residing in the public areas are subjects of constant surveillance, as the CCTV System inside the restaurant operates unceasingly on a 24/7 basis, violating the individual's privacy.990 On 18 September 2023, in a case supported by the Human Rights Legal Project, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) granted interim measures in a case concerning a vulnerable single mother, survivor of gender-based violence, and her 6 months-old daughter, who has a congenital heart disease. The applicants had arrived in Samos in August of the same year and had been assisted by MsF, who had asked for the applicants’ immediate transfer to the island’s General Hospital, where the applicants were informed that they should be transferred to Athens, in order for the minor to be able receive proper medical care. Despite this, the applicants were taken back to the Samos CCAC, where they remained de facto detained pending reception and identification procedures and the registration of their asylum application for close to a month. The Court indicated to the Greek government to ensure that the minor applicant be provided with appropriate medical care and that both applicants be ensured adequate living conditions, taking into account their extreme vulnerability.991 Less than five months later, on 7 February 2024, the ECtHR once more granted interim measures in a case represented by the organisation I Have Rights, concerning yet again a single mother and her infant child (the applicants) in the Samos CCAC. The applicants had been detained upon arrival to the CCAC in degrading conditions, without an assessment of their vulnerabilities. They were forced to share a bunk bed with an unrelated adult man and were humiliated by being forced to remain in the same clothes for weeks on end. They were also without access to medical treatment and relied on others to collect food on their behalf due to fears for their safety, as the line for food was hours long, with fights often breaking out. Additionally, the mental health of the woman rapidly deteriorated since arriving to the CCAC and there were concerns as to the health of the infant who had not been provided with a cot, toys, sufficient diapers or access to medical checkups. The Court ordered the Greek authorities to urgently accommodate the applicants in a safe and suitable accommodation and to ensure they are provided with adequate food, water, clothing and medical care.992 On 30 November 2023, in the case of D.S. v Greece (Application no. 2080/2019) represented by GCR, the ECtHR also found Greece in violation of article 3 (prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) and articles 3 and 13 (right to effective remedy) of the European Convention on Human Rights, on account of the inhuman, degrading and unsafe living conditions to which a young single woman applicant was exposed to during her stay in the former reception facility of Samos, for specific periods of time in 2018 and 2019. The Court further took into account but rejected the Greek Government's arguments that the applicant had not been identified as a vulnerable person by the authorities and that the country had been facing an unprecedented migratory flow during the critical period which made the authorities' choices difficult. On the contrary, the Court noted that, in view of the migration flow, the authorities did not do everything that could reasonably be expected of them to ensure decent material conditions for the applicant. On 5 October 2023, in the case of E.F. v. Greece represented by HIAS Greece, the ECtHR similarly found Greece in violations of articles 3 and 13 ECHR, in a case concerning a vulnerable HIV-positive woman who developed highly aggressive HIV-related blood cancer, as a result of the Greek authorities’ acts and omissions. The applicant, a victim of torture, who contracted HIV in her country of origin as a result of rape and was under antiretroviral treatment, was unable to receive in Lesvos, where she had arrived in 990 991 992 RSA, What is happening today in the refugee structures on the Aegean islands, May 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/40ZUNus. HRLP, Interim measures granted by the ECtHR for a woman and her daughter on Samos, 18 September 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/yf5h7btx. I Have Rights, Degrading conditions in Samos CCAC: The European Court of Human Rights grants Interim Measures, 7 February 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/yac4cmuc. 198