below).10 There are currently eight active pre-removal detention centres in Greece; a ninth has been legally established on Samos, but at the time of writing, is not operational.11 While PRDCs vary considerably with respect to capacity, design, and living conditions,12 they each serve the same objective: to contain both asylum seekers—detained under IPA , and other migrants prior to deportation. In Greek, the acronym for PRDC is ‘PROKEKA’. Detainees on Kos generally to it as ‘the prison’ or ‘the closed camp’. This report uses the term PRDC, unless otherwise noted. Reception and Identification Centre (RIC): Formerly known as First Reception Centres; Reception and Identification Centres (RIC) exist in each of the Greek EU Hotspots. According to the IPA, newly arrived persons should be transferred to a RIC, where they are held for at least 5 days for the purposes of reception and identification. This initial period of restriction of movement may be extended for up to another 25 days. RICs also provide information on asylum seekers’ rights and obligations, transfers to other facilities, and possibilities to seek protection or voluntary return; registration and medical checks and referral to the asylum procedure.13 The Kos RIC is adjacent to the PRDC and is commonly referred to as ‘the open camp’. Individuals in the asylum procedure have the option of living in the RIC but may instead choose to arrange their own accommodation in town. Although their movement is restricted on arrival, those living in the RIC are generally permitted to freely move after this initial period. Sexual- and gender-based violence: This report adopts ‘sexual- and gender-based violence’ (SGBV) to refer to “harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender”, which “can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private”.14 Risks of SGBV, particularly for women and girls, increase during displacement.15 Men, including LGBTI men, also experience heightened risks of SGBV during displacement. Many Equal Rights clients – both women and men – have disclosed experiences of SGBV, whether in their countries of nationality, in Greece, or somewhere in between. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR): In Greece, UNHCR provides protection services, and varied social services including accommodation, cash-based interventions and programmes for unaccompanied and separated children.16 In Greece, UNHCR is not responsible for refugee registration or status determination. On Kos, UNHCR identifies vulnerable individuals in the asylum procedure to refer on for additional support, and operates a cash-based intervention for non-detained asylum seekers. Vulnerability: Under Article 20 (3) IPA, transposing Article 20 Directive 2011/95/EU, ‘vulnerable persons’ includes: minors, unaccompanied or immediate relatives of shipwrecked parents (parents and siblings), persons with disabilities, the elderly, pregnant women, single parents, children, victims of human trafficking, people with serious illnesses, people with mental and mental disabilities and those who have been tortured, raped or other 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 See e.g., Danai Angeli & Anna Triandafyllidou, Is the indiscriminate detention of irregular migrants an effective policy tool? A case-study of the Amygdaleza Pre-Removal Center, Midas Policy Brief (May 2014), available at: https://bit.ly/3yiDF51. See also, AIDA, Place of detention: Greece, available at: https://bit.ly/2Wo1mLQ [last updated 10/06/2021], University of Oxford Border Criminologies, Landscapes of Border Control: Moria Pre-Removal Detention Centre, available at: https://bit.ly/2WnOllT, University of Oxford Border Criminologies, Landscapes of Border Control: Corinth Pre-Removal Detention Centre, available at: https://bit.ly/2WpXWbJ. 13 AIDA, Reception and identification procedure: Greece, available at: https://bit.ly/3mww2pe [last updated 10/06/2021]. 14 UNHCR, Gender-based Violence, available at: https://bit.ly/3sJSFHY. 15 Ibid. 16 UNHCR, Greece, available at: https://bit.ly/3klCHjv. X DETENTION OF MIGRANTS ON THE ISLAND OF KOS