Introduction Trafficking in human beings, defined as the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or financial gain, is a widespread crime that involves serious human rights violations, often resulting in lasting harm to those affected. While human trafficking can happen to anyone, pre-existing vulnerabilities such as socio-economic status, immigration status and lack of social networks make people more susceptible to exploitation. In this way, asylum seekers and other people on the move are particularly at risk of being trafficked, as they are often away from familiar surroundings, are at risk of social isolation, and may lack access to basic resources and livelihood opportunities.[1] I Have Rights (IHR) has worked with 53 clients who are survivors of human trafficking (hereinafter the 53 survivors), representing 13% of IHR’s total client base. If the rate of survivors of human trafficking among IHR’s clients is representative of the wider population of people on the move on Samos, then in 2022 approximately 285 survivors of human trafficking entered Samos, reaching nearly the same amount of the 358 survivors referred to the Greek National Referral Mechanism for the Protection of Human Trafficking Victims (NRM) in the whole of Greece for 2022.[2] Moreover, the majority of survivors referred to the NRM in 2022 were asylum seekers, representing 245 out of 358 (68%) referred persons, with the most common residence for referred survivors being facilities for asylum seekers, including Closed Controlled Access Centres (CCACs) and Reception and Identification Centres (RICs).[3] This data demonstrates the importance of identifying survivors during reception and asylum procedures and how Samos, as the second largest hotspot island in Greece, and the Samos CCAC in particular, represent a key opportunity for survivors to be identified and for their rights to be vindicated. In this report, IHR demonstrates that this opportunity is severely missed on Samos. IHR highlights the systemic failures in the treatment of survivors of human trafficking on Samos, how this leads to violations of their rights and Greece’s legal obligations under national and international law, including the obligation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons and to protect survivors of trafficking in persons.[4] This is concerning due to the presence of various state and EU bodies in the CCAC including: the Reception and Identification Service (RIS), the regional Greek Asylum [1] UNHCR. N.D. Trafficking in Persons. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do/protect-humanrights/asylum-and-migration/trafficking-persons. [2] Around 2,170 asylum seekers are registered as arriving to Samos in 2022. Due to the systemic practice of pushbacks the real rate of arrivals is higher. [3] EKKA. 2023. Annual Report Of The National Referral Mechanism For The Protection Of Human Trafficking Victims (January - December 2022). Page 10. Available at: https://ekka.org.gr/images/KOINONIKONPAREMBASEON/%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%91/NRM_REPORT_2022.pdf. [4] Article 9, Palermo Protocol; UN General Assembly. 15 November 2000. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 15 November 2000. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ProtocolonTrafficking.pdf. 6