Endnotes 1 The Guardian. (2016). Balkan countries shut borders as attention turns to new refugee routes. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/balkans-refugee-route-closed-say-european-leaders 2 Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN). Reports Database. https://www.borderviolence.eu/violence-reports/ 3 Lydie Arbogast. Migreurop, & Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung. (2016, July). Migrant detention in the European Union: a thriving business. http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/migrant-detention-eu-en.pdf 4 European Parliament and the Council. (2013, June 26). Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast). Article 15. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0033&from=EN And European Parliament and the Council. (2008, December 16). Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third country nationals. Article 15(1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0115&from=EN 5 European Parliament and the Council. (2013, June 26). Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast). Article 15. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0033&from=EN And European Parliament and the Council. (2008, December 16). Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third country nationals. Article 15(1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0115&from=EN 6 Hellenic Republic. Law No. 4939/2022. Articles 50(9), 82(4) and 97(4). 7 Lydie Arbogast, & Migreurop, & Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung. (2016, July). Migrant detention in the European Union: a thriving business. http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/migrant-detention-eu-en.pdf 8 Hellenic Republic Law No. 3907/2011 amended by Law No. 4686/2020. Article 30. 9 Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN). Reports Database. https://www.borderviolence.eu/violence-reports/ 10 European Parliament and the Council. (2008, December 16). Directive 2008/115/EC on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third country nationals. Article 15(4). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0115&from=EN ; and Hellenic Republic. Law No. 3907/2011. Article 30(2). 11 Hellenic Republic. Law No. 4939/2022. Article 50(5). 12 Greek Council for Refugees (GCR), & OXFAM. (2021, November). Joint Agency Briefing Paper. Detention as the default: How Greece, with the support of the EU, is generalizing administrative detention of migrants. https://www.gcr.gr/media/k2/attachments/bp_detention_as_default_greece_asylum_161121_en.pdf 13 Greek City Times. (2021, August 16). Mitarachi: Greece is no longer experiencing a migration crisis. Greek City Times. https://greekcitytimes.com/2021/08/16/mitarachi-greece-no-crisis/ 14 Responsible to prevent ill-treatment in all the 47 Council of Europe States who have ratified the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. 15 Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT). (2017, September 26). Report to the Greek Government on the visits to Greece from 13 to 18 April and 19 to 25 July 2016. CPT/Inf (2017) 25. https://rm.coe.int/pdf/168074f85d 16 Council of Europe. CPT Newsroom. (2020, April 9). Greece: Reforming prison system and ending police ill-treatment are urgent priorities, says CPT. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/greece-reforming-prison-system-and-ending-police-ill-treatment-are-urgent-priorities-says-cpt 17 United Nations. (1984, December 10). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading 18 United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. General Assembly resolution 217 A. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights 19 United Nations. (1966, December 16). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights 20 Council of Europe. (1950, November 4). European Convention on Human Rights. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf 21 European Union. (2012, October 26). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. 2012/C 326/02. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=RO 22 United Nations Human Rights Committee. (1992). General Comment No. 20: Prohibition of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (article 7). para. 3: “The text of article 7 allows of no limitation. [...] The Committee likewise observes that no justification or extenuating circumstances may be invoked to excuse a violation of article 7 for any reasons [...]”. https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883fb0.html 23 European Court of Human Rights. (1999, July 28). Case of Selmouni v. France. Application no. 25803/94. para 95. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-58287 24 Fenix humanitarian legal aid. (2022, September 23). Two sides of the same coin: Instrumentalisation and militarisation in Greece. https://www.fenixaid.org/articles/two-sides-of-the-same-coin-instrumentalisation-and-militarisation-in-greece 25 European Court of Human Rights. (1978, April 25). Case of Tyrer v. The United Kingdom. Application no. 5856/72. para 31. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-57587 ; European Court of Human Rights. (1989, July 7). Case of Soering v. the United Kingdom. Application no. 14038/88. para. 102. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57619 ; And European 21