This Report is based on findings that were collected by GCR’s team when carrying out a mission to the island of Kos in May 2016, information gathered during meetings with available representatives of island authorities and local organizations that are active on the island or had recently began their work there, as well as official statistics, essays and reports from national organizations, press releases, articles in local, national and international press, information found online, and GCR’s reports from previous missions. We would sincerely like to thank everyone who contributed to this Report by giving their time and providing invaluable information. Introduction On May 9th-11th 2016, GCR conducted a mission to Kos, in which a lawyer, a social worker and two translators in Farsi, Dari, Pashto, Urdu, Arabic and French participated. GCR’s previous mission to the island of Kos had been carried out in the summer of 2015, and specifically during the period when the flow of newly arriving refugees had significantly increased and the state mechanisms were proving to be entirely incapable of handling and managing the situation. The local community was called on to fill this enormous gap, which, with extremely limited resources proved immediately responsive and made great efforts to meet the needs that had been created. Since then, the situation has changed drastically, since facts regarding adopted practices and general management consistently shifted throughout the entire course of the previous year, culminating in the recent startling changes that were brought about by the conclusion of the EUTurkey Agreement of March 20th, 2016. The Agreement, highly criticized on an international scale as ignoring the basic human rights of newcomers, brought about the enormous decline in arrivals nationwide (and the inevitable increase of flows to Europe through alternative and more dangerous routes). The decline in arrivals to Kos is startling. Based on information provided to by the Head of Civilian Protection in the Kos Municipality, the arrivals in the recent months were as follows: In December 2015, 3,844 people arrived to Kos, in January 2016 2,103, in February 1,237, the first two weeks of March 259, the last two weeks of the same month 164, while throughout April, the sum of all new arrivals did not surpass 98 people. In fact, as the Police Chief of the Second Police Department of Dodecanese clarified, total arrivals since 20/3 the date the Agreement came into force - to 9/05 amounted to 243 people. From then on and as of the moment this report was being written, a sporadic and always limited number of new arrivals were noted on the island. The failure to ensure the human rights of even such a small number of people arriving to the island is impressive, as the State continues to be surprisingly absent and problems remain significant, as we will strive to document below. It is noted here that in the context of GCR’s mission to the island, several meetings occurred with authority representatives, notably the Police Chief of the Second Police Department of 3