CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Methodology 5 2. research FINDINGS 7 2.1. The Readmission Agreement 2.2. informal readmissions 2.3. Lack of legal safeguards against arbitrary removals 2.4. Services provided by Italian NGOs inside the ports 2.5. Denial of access to international protection 2.6. Lack of protection for unaccompanied minors 2.7. Ill-treatment 2.8. Detention conditions on board 2.9. Bypassing the Dublin Procedure 2.10. Violation of the principle of non-refoulement 7 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 13 14 3. INDIVIDUAL CASES 17 3.1. Returns upon arrival at “official border crossing points”: 17 Informal Readmissions 3.2. Readmissions of arrivals at “unofficial border points” in Calabria and 25 Lecce 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 3