ENDNOTES 1. See report from the Greek Ombudsperson. 2024. Η Πρόκληση των Μεταναστευτικών Ροών και της Προστασίας των Προσφύγων - Συνθήκες και Διαδικασίες Υποδοχής. Available at: https://www.synigoros.gr/el/category/default/post/ek8esh-or 2. See RSA. 2024. Refugee camps in mainland Greece. Available at: https://rsaegean.org/en/refugee-camps-in-mainland-greece/ 3. See pbnews. 2022. Ένας “Κένταυρος” για καλύτερη φύλαξη στη δομή φιλοξενίας προσφύγων του Κατσικά. Available at: https://pbnews.gr/enas-kentavros-gia-kalyteri-fylaxi-sti-domi-filoxenias-prosfygon-tou-katsika/ 4. See report from the Greek Ombudsperson. 2024. Η Πρόκληση των Μεταναστευτικών Ροών και της Προστασίας των Προσφύγων - Συνθήκες και Διαδικασίες Υποδοχής. Available at: https://www.synigoros.gr/el/category/default/post/ek8esh-or 5. See AIDA/GCR. 2024. Greece: Access to Education. Available at: https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/greece/reception-conditions/employment-and-education/access-education/; RSA. 2022. On the termination of the ESTIA II housing programme for asylum applicants. Available at: https://rsaegean.org/en/termination-of-the-estia-ii-for-asylum-applicants/ ; Greek Council for Refugees. 2022. Εξώσεις, αστεγία και πισωγύρισμα στην ένταξη. Available at: https://www.gcr.gr/en/news/press-releases-announcements/item/2075-eksoseis-astegia-kai-pisogyrisma-stin-entaksi; Human Rights Watch. 2021. Greece: Stop Denying Refugee Children an Education. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/29/greece-stop-denying-refugee-children-education 6. For instance, we did not interview people from the following camps: Thermopyles, Thiva, Drama, Polykastro, Vagiochori and Filippiada. We consider these facilities to be particularly isolated based on a number of factors, including whether free transportation is provided by the RIS, the availability of alternative means of transportation such as public transport and the costs of tickets, as well as the distance to essential services. For example, in the camps of Pyrgos and Thermopyles, hospitals are in close proximity, however Asylum Offices are hundreds of kilometres away. 7. See HIAS. 2020. Some thoughts on the new Joint Ministerial Decision, regulating the registration of migration-related NGOs in Greece. Available at: https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/jmd_3063.2020_ngo_registry-version_4.pdf 8. People refused asylum may be outside the asylum procedure due to the high rates of rejection at appeal (see data provided by the Greek government at: https://bit.ly/3zHNxLX) and barriers to submitting a subsequent application. Following the booking of an appointment via the Ministry’s online platform to register a subsequent application, people remain undocumented and are vulnerable to detention. Greek law does not provide for access to reception conditions, including camp accommodation, for people waiting to register subsequent applications. However, individuals are often tolerated in camp structures, as noted at page 39. A 100 euro fee per person is payable, if submitting a second (or further) subsequent application (see declaration published by the Greek Council for Refugees at: https://bit.ly/3Wo8zZ0) 9. EU law is even more clear in stating that material reception conditions need to be available to applicants when they make the asylum application, i.e. from the point of expressing willingness to apply (Art. 17(1) of Directive 2013/33/EU). Both EU and Greek law state that an applicant is a person whose asylum application has not yet received a final decision. According to the Greek framework a final decision may be a first instance rejection which cannot be appealed anymore or a second instance rejection. 10. See Art. 3 of Ministerial Decision 605869/2022. 11. However, in practice, it is rare if not unheard of for a vulnerability not specified in the list to be formally recognised by the Greek authorities. 12. See: Amadou v. Greece, Application no. 37991/11, Judgement of 4 February 2016; S.G. v. Greece, Application no. 46558/12, Judgement of 18 May 2017; A.D. v Greece, Application no. 55363/19, Judgement of 4 April 2023; A. I and others v. Greece, Application no. 13958/16, Judgement of 18 January 2024. 13. See RSA & Stiftung PRO ASYL. 2022. The state of the Greek asylum system, twelve years since M.S.S.. Available at: https://rsaegean.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/RSA_PRO-ASYL_MSS_2023_Submission.pdf 14. See proceedings of the 1475th meeting of the Council of Europe, 19-21 September 2023. Available at: https://bit.ly/3zIBbTZ 15. See Gauci. 2020. The “voluntary” in assisted voluntary return. Available at: https://sciabacaoruka.asgi.it/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/Lagos-Paper-Final_Gauci_ENG.pdf; Case of N.A. v. Finland at the European Court of Human Rights, available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-198465%22]}; EDAL. 2019. N A v Finland: Decision to deport Iraqi national killed upon return to country of origin violated Art 2 and 3 ECHR. Available at: https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/n-v-finland-decision-deport-iraqi-national-killed-upon-return-country-originviolated-art-2 16. As reported in a communication from the Ministry of Migration and Asylum to the Greek Parliament, available at: https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/67715b2c-ec81-4f0c-ad6a-476a34d732bd/12516309.pdf. This figure includes residents in 26 sites on the mainland including the RICs of Malakasa and Diavata. It does not include figures for the Fylakio RIC located close to the land border with Turkey, where applicants typically stay for a shorter period of time before being released or transferred to a mainland camp. 17. See I have Rights. 2022. One year since Greece opened new “prison-like” refugee camps, 22 NGOs call for a more humane approach. Available at: https://bit.ly/3WodR6J 47