response when the suspected perpetrators were allegedly identified. RIGHT TO FOOD Food insecurity worsened due to factors including oil price inflation and a humanitarian crisis in the east of the country, with Chad hosting more than 400,000 refugees from the conflict in Sudan. OCHA reported in October that food insecurity and malnutrition were affecting some 5.7 million people in Chad, 2.1 million of whom were in a critical situation. According to the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET), poor rainfall and continuing conflict were likely to lead to a further deterioration in food security throughout the country. The crisis response proved insufficient. FEWSNET reported reduced food supplies and cash transfers, while OCHA stated that only 31.8% of the necessary international humanitarian funding had been secured. As of September, international funds assigned to food security in Chad totalled USD 96.9 million, despite the identified requirements amounting to USD 225 million. psychological violence and 24% denial of opportunity, resources and/or services; for example, women being denied their share of inheritance or young girls being prevented from going to school. CHILE Republic of Chile Legislation increased protection for the police. Impunity persisted for human rights violations committed during protests in 2019. A plan for the search for forcibly disappeared people was presented. Refugees and migrants were still subject to discriminatory measures and faced obstacles to international protection. Violations of the rights of LGBTI people, Indigenous Peoples and women continued. Chile’s position on new mining projects was inconsistent. BACKGROUND According to a February report by the Group Emergency Rehabilitation Development, access to reproductive health for young people was poor and characterized by a succession of economic, social, family, and political constraints. According to the report, 24.2% of women aged between 20 and 24 were married before the age of 15. The figure was 25% in rural areas and 21% in urban areas. On 17 December, by a vast majority, Chile rejected a proposal for a new constitution; the 1980 constitution remained in force. The government declared a state of emergency in several regions of the country. The 50th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet coming to power by force was commemorated.1 Historical denial about human rights violations during that period increased. The government introduced a bill to reform anti-terrorism legislation. No significant progress was made in the reform of antidiscrimination law. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE Victims of gender-based violence continued to live in fear of reporting assaults, for social reasons or due to a lack of support from law enforcement or traditional authorities. According to the Gender Based Violence Information Management System, 1,879 cases of gender-based violence were reported between January and June. Of these, 34% involved physical assault, 27% In April, the Naín-Retamal Law was approved with the stated aim of protecting the police. The law increased penalties for crimes against the police, established privileged selfdefence in favour of the police regarding the use of force, and modified the crime of unlawful coercion.2 No progress was made towards a comprehensive reform of the Carabineros WOMEN’S AND GIRLS’ RIGHTS The State of the World’s Human Rights 125