2003b).xv Foucault’s insight on public hygiene and its relationship with social protection and public safety is relevant to us to come to grips with the proliferation of hygienic-sanitary humanitarianism, and to critically analyse the subsumption of health into hygienic-driven measures. In fact, unlike medical humanitarianism, this new guise of humanitarianism - predicated on hygienic-sanitary reasons and practices - confines migrants in order to protect them from being infected. As targets of hygienic measures, migrants are also immediately turned into objects of public safety concerns: they are ‘saved’ by being confined, in the name of their own health and the well-being of citizens. In relation to the Covid-19 measures introduced in the field of migration and refugee governmentality in EUrope, as we have highlighted in the previous section, it is noticeable that, first, hygienic-sanitary interventions are not used for granting protection to the potentially infected migrants but, on the contrary, for keeping them away, thus to deter them. Second, while medical humanitarianism entails an individualised hold on migrants - by selecting between those who are deemed to be ill or vulnerable, and the others - hygienic-sanitary measures target migrant groups as a whole. As Stefan Elbe (2008: 180) remarked in his analysis of global health issues, the governing of diseases is characterised by the production of “risk groups”, that is, by the racialisation of individuals who “are seen to combine various more general risk factors”. In fact, migrant groups are deemed to be threats in the sense of risk factors, independently of the multiple differences among them, such as countries of origin, individual experiences, and trajectories. Thus, the meaning of “threat” shifts from the representation of the dangerous individual as a criminal or terrorist toward the construction of a threat which, independently of migrants’ willingness to ‘dodge rules’ and ‘commit wrongs’, is attached to migrants’ racialised identity as health disease-bearers. It is in this sense that we can speak of a hygienic-sanitary deterrence humanitarianism that has emerged in the EUropean context of the Covid-19 pandemic. EU member states have used the ostensibly unsafe environment that the pandemic has turned EUrope into to justify containing migrants elsewhere through ‘benevolent’ deterrence. EUrope’s unsafe environment coalesces with its hostile environment policies vis-a-vis migrants. The denomination of hostile environments refers to spaces which are rendered unliveable to migrants, as infamously pursued by the British government in 2014. As aptly noted by Lorenzo Pezzani (2020), one could say “that hostile environments exist at the intersection of two sets of laws: one aiming to contain and restrict people’s movement to their respective nation-states, and the other seeking to govern their social (dis-)integration.” The Covid-19 health crisis has lent itself to be used to 19