CHAPTER 3: DETENTION ................................................................................................ 38
Detention as Punishment ....................................................................................................................... 38
Detention Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 41
Pre-Removal Centres & Special Holding Facilities................................................................................. 41
Border Guard Units and Police Stations ............................................................................................... 43
Direct outputs .................................................................................................................................... 44
Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness ......................................................................................................... 45
Alternatives to Detention ....................................................................................................................... 48
First Reception Centres- Screening Centres ......................................................................................... 48
Open Accommodation ........................................................................................................................ 49
Policy Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 4: RETURNS ..................................................................................................... 52
Readmission, Expulsion and Voluntary Returns ...................................................................................... 52
Readmission Agreements ....................................................................................................................... 53
Forced Returns ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Voluntary Returns/Assisted Voluntary Returns....................................................................................... 54
Assessing the cost-effectiveness............................................................................................................. 58
Policy Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER 5: KEY MESSAGES FOR POLICY MAKERS .................................................. 61
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 63
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