RIGHT TO TRUTH, JUSTICE AND REPARATION Impunity for human rights violations, including crimes under international law, continued to be the norm in countries including Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, with advances in some countries. In Bolivia, in October, the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts for Bolivia reported that there had been little progress in the investigations into human rights violations committed in the context of the 2019 political crisis, during which 37 people died and hundreds were injured by the security forces. Investigations into killings by the police in Brazil were also ineffective. The three police officers indicted for the murder of activist Pedro Henrique Cruz in 2018 in Tucano, Bahia, had still not been brought to trial and his mother, Ana Maria, continued to suffer threats and intimidation. In Chile, impunity continued for the majority of human rights violations committed during the 2019 social upheaval. According to the Attorney General’s Office in Chile, charges where only filed in 127 of the 10,142 complaints made by victims of violations committed at that time. These resulted in 38 convictions and 17 acquittals. In Ecuador, human rights violations committed by security forces in the context of protests in 2019 and 2022 remained unpunished. In June, Executive Decree 755 stipulated that law enforcement officials suspected of having caused injury or harm to, or the death of, a person could only be apprehended or removed from office following conviction. In Colombia, as of June, little progress had been made in the implementation of the 2016 Peace Agreement. Nevertheless, justice, truth and reparation processes did advance in some jurisdictions, including Argentina and Chile. In Argentina, trials before ordinary civilian courts continued for crimes against humanity committed under the 1976-1983 military regime. In Chile, the national search plan for people who had disappeared during the regime of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990) was presented; its implementation remained pending. The government also announced a National Memory and Heritage Policy for the protection of memorial sites related to this period. In June, the Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC authorized the Office of the Prosecutor to resume his investigation into crimes against humanity in Venezuela, and an Argentinian federal prosecutor launched an investigation into crimes against humanity in Venezuela based on the principle of universal jurisdiction. States must commit to combat impunity and guarantee truth, justice and reparations. RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT States across the Americas region, particularly Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and the USA, have failed to take sufficient and effective measures to ensure people’s right to a healthy environment and mitigate the effects of the climate crisis on human rights. This was particularly evident in the context of large-scale extractive projects that disproportionately affected Indigenous Peoples, fence-line communities living in the vicinity of these projects and other marginalized groups who are exceptionally vulnerable to environmental degradation. Despite Bolivia’s commitment to maintain its forest cover, human rights defenders highlighted insufficient measures to prevent an intense forest fire season – worsened by climate change – towards the end of the year. Many countries criminalized people, including Indigenous Peoples, who had actively protested extractive development projects that had a negative impact on the environment and vulnerable carbon sinks. In 2023, global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions reached record highs. Although the contributions of countries in the Americas varied significantly, Brazil, Canada and the USA The State of the World’s Human Rights 39