those with one Cypriot parent – continued to face possible statelessness. On 27 August and over the following days, mobs held racist demonstrations and attacked migrants, refugees, and other racialized people and migrant-owned businesses in Chloraka and Limassol. NGOs complained that police failed to respond effectively. In November, a trial started against 13 people charged in connection with the Limassol attacks. IMPUNITY In June, following a police investigation, the Cyprus Legal Service decided not to reopen the criminal case regarding the death in 2005 of army conscript Athanasios Nicolaou. A new inquest into his death started in late October. A 2022 report by criminal investigators had concluded that his death was murder by strangulation and identified serious flaws in the police investigation. ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES Between 2006 and December, the remains of 1,044 missing individuals – 751 Greek Cypriots and 293 Turkish Cypriots – were identified by the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus in its mission to establish the fate and whereabouts of people who were subjected to enforced disappearance during the inter-communal fighting of 1963-1964 and the events of 1974. RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT In May, the Administrative Court recognized for the first time environmental NGOs’ right to file public interest claims in environmental matters. In October, the Administrative Court recognized for the first time environmental NGOs’ right to access official documents of an infringement case between the Cypriot authorities and the European Commission in relation to Cyprus’s failure to fulfil its obligations under EU legislation on the protection of natural habitats. Final judgments by the court of appeal were pending in both cases. A Eurostat report published in January revealed that 89% of Cyprus’s overall supply of energy was from The State of the World’s Human Rights fossil fuels – the joint second highest in the EU. According to experts, insufficiencies persisted in the designation, conservation and management of environmentally protected areas. CZECH REPUBLIC Czech Republic Ukrainian refugees suffered hate speech, discrimination, harassment and hate crimes amid rising economic and political tensions. Recent moves towards a consent-based definition of rape were inadequate. De facto segregation of Roma children in education continued. Equal marriage for same-sex couples was not permitted. Sterilization was still a requirement for transgender people seeking legal gender recognition. The police were found to be testing facial recognition technology. Climate action policies remained inadequate. BACKGROUND As part of the UPR process in January, the Czech Republic committed to improving the rights of same-sex couples, implementing a consent-based definition of rape and outlawing corporal punishment of children. However, implementation of these commitments, and some rulings of the European Court of Human Rights, remained slow or stalled. REFUGEES’ AND MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS Some 350,000 Ukrainian refugees remained in the country. Against a background of economic recession and rising inflation, Ukrainians were subjected to hate speech, harassment and hate crimes; in August, two Ukrainian refugee women were violently assaulted in the town of Plasy due to their nationality. Ukrainian refugees faced obstacles to integration, including language barriers in schools. Only low numbers of pupils enrolled in secondary education. Although the employment rate among Ukrainian refugees 145