equivalent to 1,300 football fields per day. During COP28, President Lula announced that Brazil would join the informal alliance OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and allied countries) and reinforced in his speech that Brazil would take the lead on climate policies to guarantee a just transition to a green economy. The COP also confirmed that Brazil would host the COP30 meeting in Belem do Para in the Amazon region in 2025. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS Sônia Guajajara, an Indigenous woman, became the first minister of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples were denied full enjoyment of their rights to their lands and territories, health, food security, selfdetermination and traditional ways of living. On 20 January, the Ministry of Health declared a national public health emergency due to the lack of assistance available for the Yanomami population, which was suffering from malnutrition, contamination and sexual violence, caused largely by the presence of illegal mining activities. Despite this, 263,000 hectares of illegal mining spots remained, almost 90% of which were located in the Amazon region. The government approved the demarcation of eight Indigenous lands, but 134 procedures were still in the study phase, according to the National Indigenous Foundation. Congress passed a bill limiting the time frame for the demarcation of Indigenous lands at the beginning of October; the president partially vetoed the issue and eventually Congress rejected the president´s veto. As a result of conflict and violence relating to land demarcation, in January two young Pataxó men, Nawir Brito de Jesus and Samuel Cristiano do Amor Divino, were murdered in Bahia state. In June, a 16-yearold Pataxó teenager was murdered in the same state. In April, a Yanomami Indigenous man was killed after an attack by miners in Roraima state. In September, a Guarani Kaiowá couple, Sebastiana Gauto and Rufino 108 Velasque, were found dead in their house in Mato Grosso do Sul state, having been burnt to death. According to the Ministry of Human Rights, 11 Guarani Kaiowá people were included in the Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders. QUILOMBOLAS According to the 2022 census, 1,327,802 people identified themselves as Quilombolas (traditional people who are descendants of Africans who escaped slavery), representing 0.65% of the Brazilian population. Little progress was made on land titles for Quilombola communities. The Quilombola Lands Observatory noted 1,787 titling processes underway as of October. Five new titles were granted to Quilombola communities in 2023, benefiting 960 families. SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE The extent of gender-based violence remained alarming. From January to June, there were 599 femicides and 263 attempted femicides. Up to October, 86,593 reports of violence against women had been registered. The state had still not implemented public policies against gender-based violence that addressed the intersections between gender and race. Transgender people continued to face extreme violence and human rights violations. For the 14th consecutive year, more transgender people were killed in Brazil than anywhere else in the world. By October, the National Ombudsperson of Human Rights’ Office had registered 3,873 human rights violations affecting transgender people, such as physical violence, discrimination and racism, compared with 3,309 cases in 2022. SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS Abortion remained a criminal offence. Up to July, according to the Ministry of Health, at least 19 people had died due to unsafe abortions. In September, a lawsuit seeking the decriminalization of abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy was put before the The State of the World’s Human Rights