-4EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the 2019 visit to Greece was twofold. First, it was an opportunity to review whether there had been any progress in addressing the systemic deficiencies in prisons outlined in the CPT’s 2015 visit report. These concerned overcrowding, serious inter-prisoner violence, low staffing levels, a poor regime and inadequate health care provision. Second, the treatment of criminal suspects detained by the police was examined, as were the safeguards afforded to such persons and the effectiveness of investigations into allegations of police ill-treatment. In addition, the situation of persons held at police-run transfer centres and the arrangements for transferring prisoners were assessed. The practical co-operation received during the visit was very good at all levels. However, the Committee remains concerned about the dire state of the Greek prison system and the insufficient steps taken to tackle the prison crisis. It considers that the recovery of the Greek prison system must be a priority of the Greek Government. Further, it is deeply concerned that the infliction of illtreatment by the police remains a frequent practice throughout Greece and that the current system of investigations into allegations of ill-treatment cannot be considered effective. The CPT urges the Greek authorities to take concrete action to address the situation in prisons and the issue of illtreatment by the police, in light of the recommendations made in this visit report. Prison establishments The findings of the 2019 visit demonstrate once again that the two overarching problems of overcrowding and chronic shortage of staff continue to compound the many additional shortcomings in the prisons visited. While acknowledging the measures taken by the Ministry of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights since 2015, much more decisive action from the Greek State as a whole is required. In particular, the CPT recommends that the Greek authorities effectively address the structural reasons driving prison overcrowding, including by reflecting upon the policy of very long sentences in comparison to other European countries, and that they draw up a second, more detailed Strategic Plan for the Penitentiary System for the years 2021 to 2025. The recovery of the prison system must be a priority of the Greek Government, together with the Hellenic Parliament and the judiciary as a whole. Currently, the Greek authorities are unable to fulfil their minimum obligation to keep both prisoners and staff safe. Prisoners, not staff, control the wings and increasingly high levels of inter-prisoner violence and intimidation are evident in the prisons visited. Once again, cases of hospitalisation of inmates due to severe (and sometimes fatal) injuries inflicted by other inmates are a feature in every establishment visited. The situation at Korydallos Men’s Prison remains the most volatile and alarming. The four large wings, each holding between 230 and 431 prisoners, were often staffed by a single prison officer who clearly was not in a position to exert any authority or control over prisoners. A sense of lawlessness pervaded the prison and many prisoners met possessed make-shift knives for self-protection, knowing that staff would not be able to help them. Many violent incidents remain unreported or even unnoticed. An effective national strategy to tackle inter-prisoner violence and intimidation should be devised, which must, inter alia, include a risk and needs assessment of every prisoner entering the prison system. Further, an action plan for prison staff to regain control of the wings and for stronger groups of prisoners to be separated from other prisoners must be put in place. Above all, as a prerequisite, staffing levels must be radically increased and all instances of inter-prisoner violence must be rigorously investigated and the perpetrators prosecuted.