At an operational level, all the above-described facilities are under the responsibility of the Greek police.87 Security is provided by the Police and medical services are normally provided by NGOs.88 In their absence, medical aid is provided on an emergency basis by public hospitals. In the context of pre-removal centres, all main services (cleaning, food catering, and clothing) have been sub-contracted to private companies. The aim is in the future, to also sub-contract security to private companies. Direct outputs In terms of direct outputs, in the period of 2008-2013, a minimum total of 104,351 detainees were registered in Greece. This figure includes pre-removal centres and special holding facilities. It excludes police stations and border guard units. Despite repeated requests, the Police was unable to produce figures of detainees in these establishments. If such data are not kept, it is an important gap in monitoring implementation of policy measures since a significant number of migrants are actually held in these establishments.89 Absence of the precise figure, biases the results in terms of policy-making and budget distribution. In terms of long-term outputs (deterrence), the policy is still too short-lived in order for us to be able to calculate its effect, as its implementation is less than two years old. In terms of short term outputs (increase in returns) if we focus on the period 2012-2013 as a test case, by which time most pre-removal centres were functioning, a total of 54,603 detainees were registered in Greece (pre-removal/special holding facilities). 87 p.d. 141/1991; Order 181/2006; 88 eg. Medical Intervention and Medecins sans Frontieres. See Ministry of Labour, Directorate of Social Solidarity, European Refugee Fund Annual Programs 2009, 2010, available at http://www.moh.gov.gr/articles/socialsolidarity/domes-kai-draseis-koinwnikhs-allhleggyhs/eyrwpa-ko-tameio-prosfygwn-2008-2013/225-ethsia-programmata 89 See Council of Europe Committee on the Prevention of Torture, Reports on Detention Conditions in Greece, available at http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/states/grc.htm Page 44