FRONTIER EUROPE Human rights abuses on Greece’s border with Turkey 29 ENDNOTES UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau: Addendum – Mission to Greece: comments by the State on the report of the Special Rapporteur, 19 April 2013, Paragraph 11, available at: http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/23/46/Add.5. 1 2 According to Frontex’ migratory routes map, the Eastern Mediterranean Route including Bulgaria, Cyprus and Greece, is by far the most used, accounting for 37,220 irregular entries into the EU in 2012. The Central Mediterranean Route (Italy and Malta) is the next largest with 10,380 detected irregular entries. The Migratory Routes Map is available at: http://www.frontex.europa.eu/trends-and-routes/migratory-routes-map. See also European Commission, Second biannual report on the functioning of the Schengen Area 1 May 201231 October 2012, 23 November 2012, pp. 2-3, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/homeaffairs/what-is-new/news/pdf/2_en_act_part1_v7_schengen.pdf; European Commission, Third biannual report on the functioning of the Schengen Area 1 November 2012-30 April 2013, 31 May 2013, p. 2, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-isnew/news/pdf/2_en_act_part1_v7_schengen.pdf; Frontex, Annual Risk Analysis 2013, April 2013, p. 20, available at: http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/FRAN_Q4_2012.pdf; and PACE, Migration and asylum: mounting tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, 23 January 2013, available at: http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/XRef/X2H-DW-XSL.asp?fileid=19349&lang=en. See for example, UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau: Addendum – Turkey, 17 April 2013, Paragraph 60, available at: http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/23/46/Add.2 and EuroMediterranean Human Rights Network, An EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement – Undermining the rights of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers?, 20 June 2012, pages 910, available at: http://www.euromedrights.org/eng/2013/06/20/an-eu-turkey-readmissionagreement-undermining-the-rights-of-migrants-refugees-and-asylum-seekers/. Difficulties accessing international protection while in detention was also confirmed through interviews with local legal aid organizations, Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly and Multeci-Der. Updates were gathered from these organizations on 30 May 2013 and 18 June 2013 respectively. 3 4 See Glossary for definitions of refugees and migrants and other terms used in the report. 5 Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union 6 Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor reports that “in 2009, Greece completed clearance of antipersonnel mines in the 57 mined areas it laid along the border with Turkey.” Available at: http://www.themonitor.org/custom/index.php/region_profiles/print_theme/1822#_ftnref11. 7 European Commission, Commission reports on EU free movement, 3 June 2013, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-496_en.htm. At the time of Amnesty International’s visit, the number of additional border guards deployed there under the Index: 25/008/2013 Amnesty International July 2013